The art of doing nothing, yet being everything

Authors

  • Anna Krogstad University of Oslo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52610/rhs.v18i66/67.109

Keywords:

Visual rhetoric, counter-imaging, Nordic Prime Ministers, profile photos, Facebook

Abstract

Politicians’ profile photos on Facebook can be seen as synthesized politics in visualized form. In this article Nordic prime ministers’ use of such profile photos are analyzed and compared as visual rhetoric. Visual elements in the photos are discussed in light of the prime ministers’ party affiliation, gender, political situation and culture. The photos’ rhetorical potential is analyzed by drawing on what researchers have claimed to be ten central functions of pictures in politics: Pictures document, argue, dramatize policy, set agendas, add ambiguity, build image, create emotions, create identification/proximity, connect to societal symbols, and transport their viewers in time and space. Less attention has been given to how pictures function as counter-images to what is commonly expected from a politician. In the article this counter-imaging is presented and discussed as a culturally complex and important addition to the list above.

Author Biography

Anna Krogstad, University of Oslo

Anne Krogstad er professor i sosiologi ved Insitutt for sosiologi og samfunnsgeografi ved Universitetet i Oslo.

References

Alexa: The Web Information Company . Top 500 global sites on the web, (2010). http://www.alexa.com/topsites.

Amundsen, Heidi Bale. ”Sontag og Barthes”. Agora: Journal for metafysisk spekulasjon 2-3 (2011), 68–84.

Andersen, Øivind. I retorikkens hage. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1995.

Bucy, Erik P.. “Emotional and evaluative consequences of inappropriate leader displays”. Communication Research 27 (2000), 194–226.

Cialdini, Robert B. Influence: The psychology of persuasion. New York: Morrow, 1993.

Daloz, Jean-Pascal. “How political representatives earn legitimacy: a symbolic approach”, International Social Science Journal 196 (2010), 285–296.

Djamasbi, Soussan, Marisa Siegel og Tom Tullis. “Generation Y, web design, and eye tracking”, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 5 (2010), 307–323. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1071581909001918. Lesedato 15. januar 2013.

Ellison, Nicole B. og danah m. boyd. “Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship”, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 1 (2007), 210–230.

Enjolras, Bernard, Rune Karlsen, Kari Steen-Johnsen og Dag Wollebæk. Liker – liker ikke. Sosiale medier, samfunnsengasjement og offentlighet. Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk, 2013.

Facebook Press Room. Facebook statistics. 2010. http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics.

Galilee, John. “Class Consumption. Understanding Middle-Class Young Men and Their Fashion Choices”. Men and Masculinities 1(2002), 32–52.

Gripsrud, Jostein. Mediekultur, mediesamfunn. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 2007.

Hoff-Clausen, Elisabeth. Online ethos. Webretorik i politiske kampagner, blogs og wikis. København: Samfundslitteratur, 2008.

Håkansson, Nicklas. “The citizen in Swedish election posters 1908–1936”. Paper prepared for Nordmedia 09 conference, Media and Communication History Section, Karlstad 13-15.8., 2009.

Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. Eloquence in an electronic age: The transformation of political speech -

making. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Jamtøy, Ann Iren. ”Bildet av politikk”, Norsk medietidsskrift 3 (2011), 241–262.

Jewitt, Carey. Technology, literacy and learning: a multimodal approach. London: Routledge, 2006.

Kjeldsen, Jens E..”Visuel politisk epideiktik”. Rhetorica Scandinavica 14 (2000), 18–31.

Kjeldsen, Jens E.. Retorikk i vår tid. En innføring i moderne retorisk teori. Oslo: Spartacus forlag AS, 2004.

Kjeldsen, Jens E.. “Visualizing Egalitarianism. Political Print Ads in Denmark”, i Communicating Politics. Political Communication in the Nordic Countries, red. Jesper Strömbäck, Mark Ørsten og Toril Aalberg. Gothenburg: Nordicom, 2008.

Kobre, Kenneth. Photojournalism: the professionals’ approach. Oxford: Focal Press, 2008.

Kress, Gunther og Theo van Leeuwen. Reading Images. The Grammar of Visual Design. New York: Routledge, 2010.

Krogstad, Anne. Image i politikken. Oslo: Pax, 1999.

Krogstad, Anne og Aagoth Storvik. “Reconsidering Politics as a Man’s World: Images of Male Political Leaders in France and Norway”, Historical Reflections 3 (2010), 19–38.

Krogstad, Anne og Aagoth Storvik. ”Picturing politics: Female Political Leaders in France and Norway”, Historical Reflections 3 (2012), 129–152.

Krogstad, Anne. ”Avatarpolitikk som visuell retorikk. Profilbilder på Facebook”, Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning 2 (2013), 153–185.

Mirzoeff, Nicholas. “What is Visual Culture”, i The Visual Culture Reader, red. Nicholas Mirzoeff, 3–13. London: Routledge, 1998.

Müller, Marion G..“What Is Visual Communication? Past and Future of an Emerging Field of Communication Research”, Studies in Communication Sciences 2 (2007), 734.

Norris, Pippa. A Virtuous Circle. Political Communication in Postindustrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Perelman, Chaim og Lucie Olbrects-Tyteca. The New Rhetoric. A Treatise on Argumentation. London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1971.

Perlmutter, David D. og Guy Golan. “Counter-imaging: myth-making and Americanization in Israeli Labor Party campaign ads, 2003”. Visual Communication 4 (2005), 304–332.

Przeworski, Adam og Henry Teune. The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York: Wiley, 1970.

Rubinstein, Ruth P. Dress Codes. Oxford: Westview Press, 2001.

Shames, Shauna L.. “The ‘Un-Candidates’: Gender and Outsider Signals in Women’s Political Advertisements”, Women & Politics 25 (2003), 115–147.

Scharkow, Michael, Carina Kordes og Flavia Bleuel. ”Visual stereotypes and party affiliation cues. An exploratory study of political cognition using candidate photographs”. Poster presentation at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology (ISPP). Istanbul, Turkey, July 2011.

Schill, Dan. “The Visual Image and the Political Image: Finding a Place for Visual Communication in the Study of Political Communication”. Presented at the 2008 International

Communication Association Annual Convention. Montreal, Canada, 2008.

Schwartz, Tony. The Responsive Chord. New York: Anchor Press/Boubleday, 1973.

Seizov, Ognyan og Marion Müller. “Visual Style and Visual Strategy in U.S. Presidential Campaigning: A Study of Online Campaign Spots in the 2008 Presidential Primaries”. Paper

presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association. Chicago, IL., 2009.

Sontag, Susan. Om fotografi. Oslo: Pax, 2004.

Stein, Joel. “You are Not My Friend”, Time, 15. oktober 2007. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1668441,00.html

Vigsø, Orla. Valretorik i text och bild. En studie i 2002 års svenska valaffischer. Skrifter utgivna av Institutionen för nordiska språk vid Uppsala universitet 66, 2004a.

Vigsø, Orla. Politisk marketing – en kort introduktion. Center for Virksomhedskommunikation, Working paper nr. 5 2004b.

Vigsø, Orla. ”Virker valgplakater virkelig?” Kommunikationsforum 26. mai 2009. http://www.kommunikationsforum.dk/artikler/virker-valgplakater-virkelig

Vigsø, Orla.”Valgplakaterne ved folketingsvalget 2011. Valgplakaten på plakaten”. Kommunikationsforum, 29. august 2011. http://www.kommunikationsforum.dk/artikler/valgplakaterne-ved-folketingsvalget-2011

Published

2014-09-28

How to Cite

Krogstad, A. (2014). The art of doing nothing, yet being everything. Rhetorica Scandinavica, 18(66/67), 35–56. https://doi.org/10.52610/rhs.v18i66/67.109