Den rojale krisetale som retorisk genre
Seks europeiske monarkers responser til Covid-19 pandemien
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52610/rhs.v27i85.87Abstract
Denne artikkelen gir en retorisk analyse av talene til seks nordeuropeiske monarker som svar på Covid-19 pandemien i begynnelsen av 2020. Vi etablerer en ny genre med spesifikke trekk og funksjoner: Den rojale krisetalen. Denne genre har to konstitutive trekk: Å vise situasjonens alvorlighet og at bidra til at befolkningen oppfører seg på den rette måten. Genren har også tre fakultative trekk: Å gi takk, å vise empati med dem som er rammet, og å berolige og inspirere nasjonen. I en nasjonal krise som Covid-19 pandemien, vil disse retoriske funksjoner også bli utført av de demokratisk valgte ledere, men på grunn av den apolitisk posisjon og den karismatiske kraft i de nordeuropeiske kongedømme, kan monarkene utføre disse funksjoner med en særlig autoritet. Vi beskriver hvordan dette gjøres gjennom de fem funksjonene og ved hjelp av epideiktisk og konstitutiv retorikk.
Referenser
Aristotle, The Art of Rhetoric (London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2004).
Atkins, J (2016). (Re)imagining Magna Carta: Myth, Metaphor and the Rhetoric of Britishness. Parliamentary Affairs 69, 3, 603-620. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsv057
Atkins, J. (2018). Conflict, Co-operation and the Rhetoric of Coalition Government. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-31796-4
Atkins, J. (2020, , December 21). Can the Queen save Christmas? The Conversation https://theconversation.com/can-the-queen-save-christmas-152137.
Bagehot, W. (1873). The English Constitution. www.history of economic thought.mcmaster.ca/bagehot/constitution.pdf https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90400-9_8
Benoit. W.L. & Brinson, S.L. (1999). Queen Elizabeth’s Image Repair Discourse: Insensitive Royal or Compassionate Queen Public Relations Review 25, 2, 145-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0363-8111(99)80159-3
Bitzer, L.F. (1968). The Rhetorical Situation. Philosophy & Rhetoric 1, 1, 1-14.
Black, E.(1978). Rhetorical Criticism: A Study in Method. The University of Wisconsin Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500006412
Bogdanor, V. (1995). The Monarchy and the Constitution. Clarendon Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1996.tb00006.x
Bradley, I. (2012). God Save the Queen: The Spiritual Heart of the Monarchy. Continuum. https://doi.org/10.1163/15697320-12341291
Brzozowski, A. (2020). Norway takes ‘most far-reaching measures ever experienced in peacetime,’ plans easing in April,” EURACTIV.com, March 15 https://www.euractiv.com/section/coronavirus/short_news/norway-update-covid-19/.
Burke, K. (1969). A Grammar of Motives. University of California Press https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520341715
Campbell, K.K. & Jamieson, K.H., (1978). Form and Genre in Rhetorical Criticism: An Introduction. In ed. K. K. Campbell & K. H. Jamieson Form and Genre: Shaping Rhetorical Action, (pp. 9-32) Speech Communication Association.
Charland, M. (2013). Constitutive rhetoric: The case of the Peuple Québécois in B. L. Ott & G. Dickinson (ed.) The Routledge Reader in Rhetorical Criticism, 432-447. (Routledge) https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003059202-12
Charteris-Black, J. (2011). Politicians and Rhetoric: The Persuasive Power of Metaphor, 2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.4000/lexis.1691
Cherry, R.D. (1988). Ethos Versus Persona: Self-Representation in Written Discourse. Written Communication 5, no. 3: 251–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088388005003001.
Claes, W. (1986). Indrukken en beschouwingen. In Koning Boudewijn, Dialoog met de natie, ed. W. Martens, W., Willy, C. & Harmel, P. (pp. 21-32) Lannoo.
Condit, C.M. (1985).The functions of epideictic: The Boston Massacre Orations as exemplar. Communication Quarterly 33, 4, 288-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463378509369608
Crace, J. (2020 September 22) In 1940 we had Churchill, in 2020 we have Johnson’s poundshop imitation. Guardian, , https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/sep/22/its-boristime-v-coronatime-and-theres-only-ever-one-winner.
Dow, B.J. (1989). The function of epideictic and deliberative strategies in presidential crisis rhetoric. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 53,3, 294-310. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570318909374308
Duxbury, C. (2020, April 4). The crown vs. corona. Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/the-crown-vs-coronavirus-king-monarchy-europe/.
Dymond, J. (2020, April 5). Queen’s coronavirus speech: ‘Ambitious’ words ‘to reassure and inspire’ BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52176209.
Elizabeth II (1991, February 24) Ground War Statement. C-Span https://www.c-span.org/video/?16822-1/british-view-ground-war-persian-gulf#.
Fiore, K. (2020, July 29) How did Sweden flatten its curve without a lockdown? MedPage Today, https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/87812.
Hazell R. & Morris, B. (2020). European Monarchies: Guardians of Democracy? The Political Quarterly 91, 4, 841-845. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923x.12866
Heffernan, R. (2003). Prime ministerial predominance? Core executive politics in the UK. British Journal of Politics and International Relations 5, 3, 347-372. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856x.00110
Het Koninklijk Huis (n.d) Rol van het staatshoofd., https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/onderwerpen/rol-van-het-staatshoofd/samenbindend-vertegenwoordigend-en-aanmoedigend.
Hoye, J.M. (2019). Rhetorical Action and Constitutive Politics. Rhetorica 37, 3, 286-320. https://doi.org/10.1353/rht.2019.0012
de Jong, J. (2020, June 3) Who gave the most royal corona speech? the low countries 3 https://www.the-low-countries.com/article/who-gave-the-most-royal-corona-speech.
Kampf, Z & Katriel, T. (2016). Political condemnation: Public speech acts and the construction of moral communities. In Carbaugh, T. (Ed.) The Handbook of Communication in Cross-cultural Perspective (pp. 312–326). Routledge.
Kjeldsen, J.E. (2019). Royal Interventions in the Public Discourse on Immigration: Rhetorical Topoi on Immigration in the New Year’s Speeches of the Scandinavian Monarchs. Javnost: The Public 26, 2, 225-240. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2019.1587702
Lawson, R. (2020, April 28). Coronavirus has led to an explosion of new words and phrases – and that helps us cope. The Conversation https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-has-led-to-an-explosion-of-new-words-and-phrases-and-that-helps-us-cope-136909.
Madsen, K. (2020, March 18). Margrethe stak moralske øretæver ud som Mette Frederiksens ‘bad cop’ Politiken.dk https://politiken.dk/indland/art7709625/Margrethe-stak-moralske-%C3%B8ret%C3%A6ver-ud-som-Mette-Frederiksens-bad-cop.
Mills, R.E. (2014). The Pirate and the Sovereign: Negative Identification and the Constitutive Rhetoric of the Nation-State. Rhetoric & Public Affairs 17, 1, 105-136. https://doi.org/10.14321/rhetpublaffa.17.1.0105
Morris, B. & Hazell, R. (2020, April 5). Coronavirus: How Europe’s monarchs stepped up as their nations faced the crisis. The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-how-europes-monarchs-stepped-up-as-their-nations-faced-the-crisis-136057.
Palmer, R. (2020, April 5). Queen’s coronavirus plea to Britain: ‘Let future generations know we’re as strong as ANY’. Express, https://www.express.co.uk/news/royal/1265029/Queen-coronavirus-message-queen-Elizabeth-national-address.
Payne, A. (2020, May 18). Boris Johnson accused of ‘rank hypocrisy’ for backing foreign health workers while backing a law making it harder for them to work in the UK. Business Insider, https://www.businessinsider.com/boris-johnson-restricting-foreign-health-workers-while-clapping-carers-2020-5?r=US&IR=T.
Pierson, R. (1994). The Epistemic Authority of Expertise. PSA: Proceedings of the Biannual Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1, 1, 398 -405. https://doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1994.1.193044
Poole,T. (2010) United Kingdom: The royal prerogative. International Journal of Constitutional Law 8, 1, 146-155. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mop038
Robinson, M. (2020, April 6) THREE-QUARTERS of viewers tune in to watch the Queen's stirring speech: Total audience hits 23 million as commentators say she ‘galvanised the nation’ with her deeply ‘moving and personal’ words Daily Mail, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8191085/22million-tune-watch-Queens-stirring-coronavirus-speech.html.
Ryan, M. (2020, April 5) Coronavirus: The four other times the Queen has addressed the nation. BBC News, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52173825.
Scally,G., Jacobson, B. & Abbasi, K. (2020, May 15). The UK’s public health response to covid-19. BMJ, https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1932.
Tullis, P. (2020, June 5). Dutch cooperation made ‘intelligent lockdown’ a success. Bloomberg Businessweek, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-06-05/netherlands-coronavirus-lockdown-dutch-followed-the-rules.
Vatnøy, E. (2015). Leaders’ response to terrorism: The role of epideictic rhetoric in deliberative democracies. Journal of Public Deliberation 11, 2, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.16997/jdd.235
Weber, M., Roth, G. & Wittich, C. (1978). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/2575272
WHO Coronavirus COVID-19 Dashboard. (2022 December 14, 2022). https://covid19.who.int/
Windt,T. (1973). The Presidency and Speeches on International Crises: Repeating the Rhetorical Past. In Windt, T. & Ingold B. (Ed.) Essays in Presidential Rhetoric, 2nd ed. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
##submission.downloads##
##submission.additionalFiles##
Publicerad
Referera så här
Nummer
Sektion
Licens
Copyright (c) 2023 Rhetorica Scandinavica
Detta verk är licensierat under en Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-IngaBearbetningar 4.0 Internationell-licens.
Open Access; CC Erkännande-IckeKommersiell-IngaBearbetningar 4.0
